Macromolecular Nomenclature Note No. 17

E. S. Wilks

 

Nomenclature Committee

 

ACS Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc.

 

Whither Nomenclature?

 

With this edition of Macromolecular Nomenclature Notes, Edward (Ted) Wilks succeeds Val Metanomski as chairperson of the American Chemical Society (ACS) Polymer Division’s Nomenclature Committee. Ted has been in DuPont’s Corporate Information Science for 20 years; for the last 10 years he has been manager of the chemical file of SCION, DuPont’s company-confidential corporate database. Val, who was Nomenclature Committee chairperson for the ten-year period 1989-1998, launched Macromolecular Nomenclature Notes (MNN) in 1991. Over the last eight years his contributions to Polymer Preprints via MNN Nos. 1-161 have covered many topics, and the articles have been both varied and informative. The ACS Polymer Division’s Nomenclature Committee members’ thanks go to Val for a job well done. Val continues to be an active Nomenclature Committee member, and his wisdom and insight in the field of polymer nomenclature are greatly valued.

 

This "change of the helm" is therefore an opportune moment to pause and ask three questions:

1. How far has polymer nomenclature come?
2. Where is it going?
3. Where should it go?

To reiterate that polymer scientists and technologists need nomenclature is perhaps redundant, but the fundamental reason is so important that it bears repeating: standardized or universally understood nomenclature is needed, not only to improve communication among the scientific community, but also to connect the known (or perhaps idealized) structure of a polymer with its name.

 

As early as 1951, when the world of polymer science comprised predominantly linear and randomly branched polymers, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recognized that standardized polymer nomenclature was necessary. After several decades of scientific discovery and publications by both the ACS and IUPAC in this area, about 15 years ago scientists witnessed the introduction of a bewildering variety of non-linear polymers such as comb, dendritic, hyperbranched, star, and star-branched, and combinations of these with linear types. Polycatenanes and polyrotaxanes, although reported as early as 1969,2 received little attention until 1989. Since then there has been a surge of interest.3

 

Along with the need for nomenclature for these new types of polymers, of course, came a need for broader terminology in polymer science — that is, terms relating to processes, reactions, and properties. This is, therefore, a good time to review the status of the literature, both published and in process, on polymer nomenclature and terminology.

The polymer fields for which nomenclature and terminology are well established and documented via published papers are listed in Table 1. Table 2 lists selected books, encyclopedias, and journal articles containing polymer nomenclature and terminology articles. Papers for which polymer documentation and terminology are currently under consideration or preparation are listed in Table 3.

 

Tables 1, 2, and 3 answer questions 1 and 2 — what has been accomplished and what is currently under consideration. The answer to the third question depends partly upon what families of polymers are discovered in the future and partly upon you, our readers.

 

Most polymer scientists and technologists think in "pictures"; they think of polymers in terms of either the (co)monomer(s) that were used to form them (source-based representation), or the structure(s) of the resulting polymer(s) (structure-based representation). Because no formal nomenclature systems exist for some new families of polymers, some pioneers have devised and published their own;1g,2,3c,4 this is laudable, although the resulting systems may not be universally applicable. Many polymer scientists and technologists circumvent use of nomenclature systems for any one of several reasons, such as:

• They find them too cumbersome for general use
• They find them too hard to understand and apply
• They can manage well enough without them

Table 1. Polymer fields for which nomenclature and terminology is well established and documented(a)

 

#	Type or Family	References
1	CAS:(b) Index Guide, Appendix IV, Section 222 — Description of CAS Polymer Indexing Rules (© 1998).
2	IUPAC: Definitions of Terms Relating to the Non-Ultimate Mechanical Properties of Polymers (Recommendations 1998)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1998, 70, 701-754
3	IUPAC: Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies (Recommendations 1997)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 2511-2521 Polym. Networks, 1998, 316-328
4	Wilks, E. S. Polymer Nomenclature and Structure: A Comparison of Systems used by CAS, IUPAC, MDL,(c) and DuPont: i. Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers ii. Aftertreated (Post-treated), Alternating/Periodic, and Block Polymers iii. Comb/Graft, Cross-Linked, and Dendritic/Hyperconnected/Star Polymers iv. Stereochemistry, Inorganic, Coordination, Double-Strand, Polysiloxanes, Oligomers, and Telomers	J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1997, 37, 171-192 J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1997, 37, 193-208 J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1997, 37, 209-223 J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1997, 37, 224-235
5	IUPAC: Definitions of Terms Relating to Degradation, Aging, and Related Chemical Transformations of Polymers (Recommendations 1995)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 2313-2323
6	IUPAC: Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science (Recommendations 1995)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1996, 68, 2287-2311
7	Goodson, A. L.; Gladys, G. L.; Worst, D. E. Numbering and Naming of Fullerenes by Chemical Abstracts Service(d)	J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1995, 35, 969-978
8	CAS: Siloxanes (Revised Nomenclature beginning at CA Vol. 121, 1994)	CAS: Index Guide, Appendix IV, Section 222 (© 1998); see also www.cas.org/EO/silox.html
9	IUPAC: Basic Classification and Definitions of Polymerisation Reactions (Recommendations 1994)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1994, 66, 2483-2486
10	IUPAC: Graphic Representations (Chemical Formulae) of Macromolecules (Recommendations 1994)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1994, 66, 2469-2482
11	IUPAC: Structure-Based Nomenclature for Irregular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1994)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1994, 66, 872; 873-889
12	IUPAC: Nomenclature of Regular Double-Strand (Ladder and Spiro) Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1993)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1993, 65, 1561-1580
13	IUPAC: Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature	Blackwell, Oxford, 1991; reviewed in Polym. Prepr., 1992, 33(1), 6-11
14	IUPAC: Definitions of Terms Relating to Crystalline Polymers (Recommendations 1988)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1989, 61, 769-785
15	IUPAC: A Classification of Linear Single-Strand Polymers (Recommendations 1988)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1989, 61, 243-254
16	IUPAC: Definitions of Terms Relating to Individual Macromolecules, Their Assemblies, and Dilute Polymer Solutions (Recommendations 1988)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1989, 61, 211-241
17	IUPAC: Use of Abbreviations for Names of Polymeric Substances (Recommendations 1986)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1987, 59, 691-693

 

a See also Macromolecular Nomenclature Notes, Nos. 1 — 16.1 A list of translations of IUPAC macromolecular nomenclature documents may be found at IUPAC web site http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/bibliog/macro.html.

 

b Chemical Abstracts Service, 2540 Olentangy River Road, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210

 

c MDL Information Systems, Inc., 14600 Catalina Street, San Leandro, CA 94577

 

dT his fullerene paper is not per se about polymers, but since papers citing polymers containing fullerene moieties have been published, it is included.

 

Table 1 (continued)

 

#	Type or Family	References
18	IUPAC: Source-Based Nomenclature for Copolymers (Recommendations 1985)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, 1427-1440
19	IUPAC: Nomenclature for Regular Single-Strand and Quasi Single-Strand Inorganic and Coordination Polymers (Recommendations 1984)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1985, 57, 149-168
20	IUPAC: Note on the Terminology for Molar Masses in Polymer Science	Brit. Polym. J., 1985, 17, 92 Makromol. Chem., 1984, 185, Appendix to No. 1 J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 1984, 22, 57 J. Macromol. Sci.-Chem., 1984, A21, 903-904 J. Colloid Interface Science, 1984, 101, 277
21	IUPAC: Stereochemical Definitions and Notations Relating to Polymers (Recommendations 1980)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1981, 53, 733-752
22	IUPAC: Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Recommendations 1975)	Pure Appl. Chem., 1976, 48, 373-385
23	ACS: A Structure-Based Nomenclature for Linear Polymers	Macromolecules 1968, 1, 193-198
24	Huggins, M. L.; Natta, G.; Desreux, V.; Mark, H. Report on Nomenclature Dealing with Steric Regularity in High Polymers	Pure Appl. Chem., 1966, 12, 643-656
25	IUPAC: Report on Nomenclature in the Field of Macromolecules (1951): Section VII — Linear High Polymers	J. Polym. Sci., 1952, 8, 257-277

 

 

Table 2. Selected books, encyclopedias, and journals containing polymer nomenclature articles

 

1	Sperling, L. H.; Metanomski, W. V. Modern Nomenclature and Terminology for Polymer Science and Engineering. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1999, 80, 640-641.
2	Elias, H.-G. "Abbreviations for Thermoplastics, Thermosets, Fibers, Elastomers, and Additives"; in Polymer Handbook, 4th Ed., Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E. H.; Grulke, E. A. (Eds.); VII:1-24, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998.
3	Fisanick, W.; Amaral, N. J.; Metanomski, W. V.; Shively, E. R.; Soukup, K. M.; Stobaugh, R. E. "Chemical Abstracts Service Information System"; in The Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry, Schleyer, P. v. R.; Allinger, N. L.; Clark, T.; Gasteiger, J.; Kollman, P. A.; Schaefer III, H. F.; Schreiner, P. R. (Eds.); 1:277-315, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998.
4	Jenkins, A. D. "Nomenclature for Polymer Chemistry"; in Chemical Nomenclature, Thurlow, K. J. (Ed.); 146-161, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1998.
5	Leigh, G. J.; Favre, H. A.; Metanomski, W. V. "Macromolecular (Polymer) Nomenclature"; in Principles of Chemical Nomenclature - A Guide to IUPAC Recommendations. 6:103-113. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1998.
6	Metanomski, W. V. "Nomenclature"; in Polymer Handbook, 4th Ed., Brandrup, J.; Immergut, E. H.; Grulke, E. A. (Eds.); I:1-12, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998.
7	Schultz, J. L.; Wilks, E. S. "Structural Representation of Polymers"; in The Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry, Schleyer, P. v. R.; Allinger, N. L.; Clark, T.; Gasteiger, J.; Kollman, P. A.; Schaefer III, H. F.; Schreiner, P. R. (Eds.); 3:2135-2150, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1998.
8	Sperling, L. H. Polymer Network Definitions. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1998, 79, back page.
9	Sperling, L. H. Proposed Nomenclature for Rubber-Toughened Plastics. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1998, 78, back page.
10	Sperling, L. H. Polymeric Multicomponent Materials: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1997; p. 4, Table 1.1; p. 5, Table 1.2; p. 30-33, Appendix 1.1.
11	Sperling, L. H. Nomenclature and Notational Problems in the Phase Separation Characteristics of Block Copolymers. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1996, 74, 445.
12	Schultz, J. L.; Wilks, E. S. Nomenclature and Structural Representation for Linear, Single-Strand Polymers Aftertreated to Hyperconnected Networks. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1996, 36, 955-966.
13	Schultz, J. L.; Wilks, E. S. A Nomenclature and Structural Representation System for Ladder and Spiro Polymers. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1996, 36, 786-793.
14	Fox, R. B. Nomenclature of polymeric materials. Rubber Chem. Technol., 1995, 68, 547-50.
15	Jenkins, A. D. Problems in Composing Definitions of Terms for Polymer Chemistry. Terminology, 1995, 2, 351-364.
16	Sperling, L. H. Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces: The Need for Uniform Terminology. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1995, 72, 612-613.
17	Coleman, E. A. Nomenclature. Plast. Eng., 1993, 49, 47-48.
18	Sperling, L. H.; Metanomski, W. V. Polymer Nomenclature II: Engineering and Novel Multicomponent Polymer Structures. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1993, 69, 575.
19	Sperling, L. H.; Metanomski, W. V. Nomenclature in Polymer Science and Engineering. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. (Prepr.). 1993, 68, 341.
20	Sperling, L. H. Introduction to Physical Polymer Science, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1992; p. 12, Table 1.4; p. 14, Table 1.5; p. 20-22, Appendix 1.1; p. 41, Table 2.5; p. 46, Table 2.7; p. 62-64, Appendix 2.1.
21	Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature (The Purple Book), W. V. Metanomski, (Ed.), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991.
22	Metanomski, W. V. Structure-Based Polymer Nomenclature. J. Polym. Sci.,Part C: Polym. Lett., 1990, 28, 173-174.
23	Jenkins, A. D.; Loening, K. L. "Nomenclature"; in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Allen, G.; Bevington, J. C.; Booth, C.; Price, C. (Eds.), 1:13-54, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989.
24	Bikales, N. M. "Nomenclature"; in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd Ed., Mark, H. F.; Bikales, N. M.; Overberger, C. G.; Menges, G. (Eds.), 10:191-204, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1987.
25	Carraher, C. E.; Seymour, R. B. Polymer properties and testing-definitions. J. Chem. Educ., 1987, 64, 866-7.
26	Carraher, C. E.; Hess, G.; Sperling, L. H. Polymer Nomenclature — Or What’s In a Name? J. Chem. Educ., 1987, 64, 36-39.
27	Fox, R. B. Nomenclature of macrocyclic compounds by sequential citation. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1984, 24, 266-71.
28	Langstaff, E.; Ostrum, G. K. Access to Polymer Information in Chemical Abstracts. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1979, 19, 60-64.
29	Schultz, J. L. Polymer Nomenclature, Classification, and Retrieval in the Du Pont Central Report Index. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 1975, 15, 94-100.
30	Fox, Robert B. Notes on nomenclature. Naming organic polymers. I. Problems with present-day nomenclature. J. Chem. Educ., 1974, 51, 41-2.
31	Fox, R. B. Notes on nomenclature. Naming organic polymers. II. Structure-based polymer nomenclature. J. Chem. Educ., 1974, 51, 113-15.
32	Fox, R. B. Structure versus reality in polymer nomenclature. J. Chem. Doc., 1970, 10, 241-3.
33	Bikales, N. M. Polymer Nomenclature in Industry J. Chem. Doc., 1969, 9, 245-247.
34	Livingston, H. K.; Fox, R. B. Nomenclature of organic polymers. J. Chem. Doc., 1969, 9, 232-4.
35	Huggins, M. L. Macromolecular Nomenclature: General Background and Perspective. J. Chem. Doc., 1969, 9, 230-1.
36	Fox, R. B. Some problems in polymer nomenclature. J. Chem. Doc., 1967, 7, 74-8.

 

 

Table 3. Polymer fields for which nomenclature and terminology are now under consideration or being prepared

 

#	Issuing Org. (a)	Field	Ref. No.
1	IUPAC	Glossary of Polymer Class Names	410/30/97
2	IUPAC	Terminology and Nomenclature of Macromolecules with Cyclic Structures	410/29/97
3	IUPAC	Terminology and Structure-Based Nomenclature of Dendritic and Hyperbranched Macromolecules	410/28/97
4	IUPAC	Definitions of Terms Related to Polymer Blends and Multi-Phase Polymeric Materials	410/24/93
5	IUPAC	Guide to Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature	410/22/93
6	IUPAC	Generic Source-Based Nomenclature for Macromolecules	410/21/93
7	IUPAC	Nomenclature of Regular Single-Strand Organic Polymers (Revised Edition)	410/19/89
8	IUPAC	Nomenclature For Threaded Macrocyclic Molecules (Catenanes and Rotaxanes)	F-20 (b)
9	IUPAC	Source-Based Nomenclature For Modified Polymer Molecules (c)	F-19 (b)

 

aIUPAC Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature (IV.1); details of all current projects may be found at the IUPAC web site http://www.iupac.org/divisions/IV/IV.1/index.

 

bF = Feasibility Study

 

cModified polymers are also called aftertreated polymers or post-treated polymers.

 

Future MNN editions will still be devoted mainly to polymer nomenclature, but it is our intent to devote at least some of them to broader topics. For example, an edition on standardizing organizations such as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and their relationships with IUPAC in the areas of polymer terminology, might be of interest.

Therefore, we open up this discussion to you, our readers; for what families or types of polymers would you like to see systematic nomenclature or terminology discussed or created? Please understand that clearly we cannot take the time to devise nomenclature or terminology systems for individual polymers, but we do want to hear from you, and we will take into consideration all your suggestions. Please remember that the papers on nomenclature and terminology listed in Table 3 are already in process, but naturally we cannot predict when they will be completed.

 

This is also a timely occasion you tell you that there is a need for people who have knowledge of, or an interest in, nomenclature or terminology to become actively involved in ACS or IUPAC activities connected with polymer nomenclature and terminology. Certainly, these are somewhat specialized fields that do not appeal to everyone, but for those attracted to them, the intellectual rewards of working on polymer nomenclature or terminology can be just as real as synthesizing the polymers themselves. You don’t have to be an expert in nomenclature or terminology; if you are interested in polymer nomenclature or terminology, we would like to hear from you.

 

If you have a polymer family or type for which you think nomenclature or terminology is needed, or you are interested in joining a polymer nomenclature and terminology "team", please contact:

 

EDWARD (TED) S. WILKS

Telephone: (302)992-2718

Fax: (302)992-4288

DuPont internal e-mail address: wilks2es@nanotes1

Internet e-mail address: edward.s.wilks@usa.dupont.com

 

References

 

1. Nomenclature Notes (later, Macromolecular Nomenclature Notes):

2. No. 1: Metanomski, W. V. Nomenclature and Terminology. Polym. Prepr., 1991, 32(1), 655-656.

3. No. 2: Brennan, A. B. Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Materials. Polym. Prepr., 1991, 32(3), 7-9.

4. No. 3: Metanomski, W. V. Source-Based vs. Structure-Based Nomenclature. Polym. Prepr., 1992, 33(2), 6-7.

5. No. 4: Matyjaszewski, K.; Metanomski, W. V. Nomenclature of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers. Polym. Prepr., 1993, 34(1), 6-9.

6. No. 5: DeSimone, J. M.; Metanomski, W. V. Block and Graft Copolymers. Polym. Prepr., 1993, 34(2), 6-9.

7. No. 6: Metanomski, W. V. Regular Double-Strand Organic Polymers. Polym. Prepr., 1994, 35(1), 6-9.

8. No. 7: Newkome, G. R.; Baker, G. R. A Systematic Nomenclature for Dendritic and Cascade Polymers. Polym. Prepr., 1994, 35(2), 6-9.

9. No. 8: Metanomski, W. V. Source-Based and Structure-Based Names for CAS’s 13 Millionth Registry Number [155827-99-9]. Polym. Prepr., 1995, 36(1), 6-9.

10. No. 9: Metanomski, W. V. Graphic Representation of Macromolecules. Polym. Prepr., 1995, 36(2), 6-9.

11. No. 10: Metanomski, W. V. The Value of Precise Nomenclature. Polym. Prepr., 1996, 37(1), 6-9.

12. No. 11: Wilks, E. S. Hyperbranched Polymers. Polym. Prepr., 1996, 37(2), 6-9.

13. No. 12: Matyjaszewski, K.; Müller, A. H. E. Naming of Controlled, Living, and "Living" Polymerizations. Polym. Prepr., 1997, 38(1), 6-9.

14. No. 13: Metanomski, W. V. Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science. Polym. Prepr., 1997, 38(2), 6-9.

15. No. 14: Sperling, L. H.; Metanomski, W. V. Source-Based Nomenclature for Non-Linear Macromolecules and Macromolecular Assemblies. Polym. Prepr., 1998, 39(1), 9-12.

16. No. 15: Wilks, E. S. Nomenclature and Structure Representation for Dendritic Polymers. Polym. Prepr., 1998, 39(2), 6-11.

17. No. 16: Sperling, L. H.; Metanomski, W. V. Modern Nomenclature and Terminology for Polymer Science and Engineering. Polym. Prepr., 1999, 40(1), 6-11.

2. Schill, G.; Zollenkopf, H. Rotaxan-Verbindungen, I. Liebigs Ann. Chem., 1969, 721, 52-74; Schill, G.

"Nomenclature of Catenanes and Rotaxanes"; in Catenanes, Rotaxanes, and Knots, Chapter 3,

Academic Press, New York, 1971.

 

3. Selected catenane and rotaxane papers:

2. Born, M.; Ritter, H. Comb-like Rotaxane Polymers. Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1991, 12, 471-476.

3. Anelli, P. L.; Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Delgado, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Goodnow, T. T.; Kaifer, A. E.; Philp, D.; Pietraszkiewicz, M.; Prodi, L.; Reddington, M. V.; Slawin, A. M. Z.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Vicent, C.; Williams, D. J. Molecular Meccano, I; [2]Rotaxanes and a [2]Catenane Made to Order. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 193-218.

4. Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Polyrotaxanes: Molecular Composites Derived by Physical Linkage of Cyclic and Linear Species. Adv. Mater., 1993, 5, 11-21.

5. Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Rotaxanes, Catenanes, Polyrotaxanes, Polycatenanes and Related Materials. Prog. Polym. Sci., 1994, 19, 843-945.

6. Sun, X.; Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Towards the Self-Assembly of Polyrotaxanes. Macromol. Symp., 1994, 77, 191-207.

7. Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. From Solid-State Structures and Superstructures to Self-Assembly Processes. Chem. Mater., 1994, 6, 1159-1167.

8. Glink, P. T.; Schiavo, C.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. The Genesis of a New Range of Interlocked Molecules. Chem. Commun., 1996, 1483-1490.

9. Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Balzani, V.; Brown, C. L.; Credi, A.; Fréchet, J. M. J.; Leon, J. W.; Raymo, F. M.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. Self-Assembly of [n]Rotaxanes Bearing Dendritic Stoppers. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 12012-12020.

10. Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C.; Sauvage, J.-P. "Catenanes and Knots"; in Large Ring Molecules, Semlyen, J. A. (Ed.); 155-189; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.

11. Gibson, H. W. "Rotaxanes"; in Large Ring Molecules, Semlyen, J. A. (Ed.); 191-262; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.

See also communications on recent research on rotaxanes in Polymer Preprints:

 

1997, 38(1), 533-534	1995, 36(1), 607-608	1992, 33(1), 235-236
" 481-482	" 587-588	1991, 32(3), 639-640
" 145-146	1994, 35(1), 275-276	" 637-638
" 115-116	1993, 34(1), 104-105	" 593-594
" 84-85	" 64-65	1991, 32(1), 423-424
" 64-65	" 62-63	" 166-167
1996, 37(1), 618-619	1992, 33(2), 331-332	1989, 30(1), 189-190

 

4. Selected references on dendritic polymers:

2. Newkome, G. R.; Moorefield, C. N.; Vögtle, F. "Nomenclature"; in Dendritic Molecules — Concepts, Syntheses, Perspectives, 37-47, VCH, New York, 1996.

3. Baker, G. R.; Young, J. K. A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade (Dendritic) Polymers. Adv. Dendritic Macromol. 1994, 1, 169-186.

4. Newkome, G. R.; Baker, G. R.; Young, J. K.; Traynham, J. G. A Systematic Nomenclature for Cascade Polymers. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 641-651.